International Conference on Gynecology and Women Health June 13-14, 2022 Rome, Italy

Artificial Insemination 

Artificial insemination (AI) is the deliberate insertion of sperm into a Female's Cervix or Uterine cavity for the aim of in Vivo Fertilization using methods other than sexual intercourse or In vitro Fertilization.

There are a variety of artificial insemination procedures available.

• Intracervical Insemination (ICI)
• The procedure of transferring Semen or ejaculate straight into the female reproductive canal, right at or near the cervical aperture – which is literally the entryway to the Uterus – is known as Intracervical Insemination (ICI).
• Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
• Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) is a simple procedure that places sperm directly within your Uterus, allowing healthy sperm to approach your egg more quickly.

Contraception

Contraception, usually known as birth control, is a method of preventing Pregnancy. Birth control can be used in a variety of ways, including:

• Stopping sperm from reaching the eggs. Condoms, Diaphragms, Cervical caps, and Reproductive sponges are examples.
• Preventing Fertilized Eggs from being released from the ovaries. Birth control pills, Patches, Needles, Vaginal rings, and Emergency contraceptive tablets are all examples.
• Intrauterine Devices (IUDs), which are inserted into the Uterus. They can be left in place for an elongated time.
• Sterilization, which stops a person from becoming pregnant or from being able to become pregnant through another person.

Gynecological Disorders relate to disorders with the female reproductive system.The Reproductive system involves the Breasts, Uterus, Fallopian tube, Ovaries, and External Genitalia.

Some of the most Prevalent Gynecologic Problems include:

• Cervical Dysplasia: Cervical dysplasia is a precancerous condition in which abnormal cell growth occurs on the surface lining of the cervix, also known as the end cervical canal, which connects the uterus and the vaginal canal.

• Menstrual Disturbances: Heavy or prolonged Menstrual flow, bleeding during intercourse, bleeding between periods, and particularly uncomfortable pains can all be signs of a menstrual disorder in women of Menstruation age.

• Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD): Polycystic Ovarian Disease is a medical condition in which a woman's ovaries produce large amounts of immature or partially mature eggs, which eventually grow into cysts in the ovaries.

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a Metabolic disorder in which a woman's Reproductive years are disrupted by hormonal imbalance (between ages 12 and 51).

• Genital Tract Infection: Infection or inflammation of the Genital tract can lead to the accumulation of leukocytes in the sperm, which can impede sperm motility and function by producing too many reactive oxygen species

Pregnancy medication exposure registries are frequently used to investigate the relationship between mother medication use and newborn outcomes. Pregnant women's medications reach the Fetus mostly through the placenta, which is also where oxygen and nutrients, which are required for the fetus's growth and development. Drugs that do not cross the placenta, on the other hand, may harm the fetus by harming the uterine or placenta. While some medicines are regarded safe during pregnancy, the effects of others can be hazardous to your unborn child.

Drugs used by a pregnant woman throughout her pregnancy can have a variety of effects on the fetus: 

• They have the potential to harm, develop abnormally (leading to birth abnormalities), or kill the fetus directly.
• They can affect the placenta's function by causing blood arteries to narrow (constrict), decreasing the fetus's availability of oxygen and nutrients from the mother.
• They can cause the uterus' muscles to contract violently, harming the fetus indirectly by limiting its blood flow or causing preterm labor and delivery.

Gynecology is the branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the reproductive organs, such as cancers of the Ovaries, Uterus, Cervix, Vaginal, and Fallopian tubes. Due to the strong relationship between female reproductive organs and the Bowel, Bladder, and Urine system, a Gynecologist may also treat associated Bowel, Bladder, and Urinary System Disorders. Prolapse of the pelvic organs is also treated by a gynecologist. This is a syndrome that affects Postmenopausal women who have decreased pelvic muscles and are unable to effectively support the uterus or bladder.

Obstetrics is dealing with the treatment of pregnant women, their unborn children, labor and delivery, and the postpartum period. The obstetrician ensures that mother and child receive the best prenatal care possible to ensure that labor and delivery go smoothly and that, if intervention is required, it is done quickly and safely. The obstetrician is trained in these and other delivery difficulties, and ensures that both the mother and the baby are safely led through all stages of pregnancy and labor.

Gynecologic oncology is a branch of medicine that focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system, such as Ovarian, Uterine, Vaginal, Cervical, and Vulvar cancer. Gynecologic oncology is a subspecialty of oncology that deals with tumors of the female reproductive system. Gynecologic oncologists are doctors who have undergone a residency program in obstetrics and gynecology after medical school and then completed a specific fellowship in gynecologic oncology. The Gynecologic Oncology Program at CTCA offers cutting-edge treatments for women, who have gynecologic cancers or are at high risk of developing them, including:

• Cervical cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Uterine cancer
• Vaginal cancer
• Vulvar cancer
• Gestational trophoblastic tumor
• Genetically high-risk patients

Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders. The Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenals, Ovaries, Testes, and Pancreas are all elements of the Endocrine system. Gynecological Endocrinology is concerned with the control and function of female endocrine glands, the effects of reproductive events on the endocrine system, and the effects of endocrine diseases on reproduction. Reproductive Endocrinology is concerned with the complications of pregnancy and the treatment of these complications with reproductive drugs and hormonal injections. It is also concerned with the control and impact of reproductive behavior on the endocrine system, as well as the effects of endocrine diseases on the reduplication functioning of the various endocrine organs in women.

Surrogacy is a scenario in which a woman undertakes to carry and deliver a child on behalf of another person or couple. A gestational carrier, also known as a surrogate, is a woman who conceives, carries, and gives birth to a child on behalf of another person or couple. After the birth, the surrogate agrees to give the child to that person or couple. From pre-transfer drugs to embryo transfer to delivery, surrogacy includes plenty of complicated medical procedures and screenings. Morning sickness, overall discomfort, inflammation, and pain are some of the most prevalent health problems associated with surrogacy.

Emotional Risks to Surrogate Mothers

• Depression during or after the pregnancy
• Difficult and perplexing sentiments of loss at the end of the process
• Tension between you and your spouse or children
• Obstacles encountered in establishing a relationship with the intended parents

Health Risks of Surrogacy

• Gestational diabetes
• Reproductive organ damage
• Hypertension
• Miscarriage

Women suffer from a number of medical conditions that men do not. Furthermore, some health issues that affect both men and women can affect women differently. Pregnancy, Menopause, and Female organ problems are all distinct challenges. If women get prenatal care early and on a constant basis, they can have a healthy pregnancy. They should also get the recommended Breast cancer, cervical cancer, and Bone density, Screenings. Lifestyle-related diseases, such as inactivity and poor nutrition quality, are a serious public health concern. Most health-related behavior theories assume that people assess their perceived susceptibility to a disease and weigh the costs and advantages of taking preventative measures before acting. Providing a clear justification for the monitoring, recognizing and resolving barriers to monitoring, and providing encouragement and support for this vital and critical component of anger management are all strategies to improve adherence and compliance with daily self-monitoring.

Women have been heavily impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic than males, both as frontline employees and at home. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a greater impact on women than men in various areas, including the workplace and at home, where lockdown and quarantine measures have increased burden. Following the virus epidemic, many countries have reported an upsurge in domestic violence instances. Women's mental health might be harmed by a lack of proper domestic and emotional care. Women's and girls' access to healthcare has been disrupted, detention measures have exacerbated gender-based violence, and girls have been devalued. Worryingly, it appears that we are not learning from our mistakes, as women and girls have faced comparable problems in earlier health crises.

Apart from the substantial risk of poor pregnancy outcomes in some COVID-19-positive women, the COVID-19 pandemic also increases the risk of perinatal distress and domestic violence. Anxiety, sadness, and Post-traumatic stress disorder are all significantly more common among women. Women and girls are subjected to disproportionate impacts with far-reaching implications, which are exacerbated in fragile, war, and emergency situations.

The term menopause refers to the end of a woman's menstrual cycle. It's diagnosed after a 12-month period without a menstrual period. Menopause is a common occurrence in women's reproductive systems. The supply of mature eggs in a woman's ovaries diminishes and ovulation becomes irregular. At the same time, the production of estrogen and progesterone decreases. There is a variety of effective therapy available, ranging from lifestyle changes to hormone medication. Women who smoke and are underweight tend to have an earlier menopause, while women who are overweight often have a later menopause.

Symptoms of menopause

• Fatigue
• Depression
• Crankiness
• Headaches
• Muscle and joint aches and pains
• Mood changes
• Vaginal dryness
• Irregular periods
• Racing heart

Analgesia is known as the loss or adjustment of pain perception. It might be local, affecting only a small area of the body, regional, affecting a wider area of the body, or systemic, affecting the entire body. Anesthesia is defined as the complete loss of sensory awareness, which may also include consciousness. Regional anesthesia is achieved through local anesthetic procedures in obstetrics, while general anesthesia is achieved with systemic medicine and endotracheal intubation. Analgesia is a term that refers to states in which pain perception is just modulated. Anesthesia refers to the loss of mental awareness and the perception of other feelings. Anesthesia may be required within minutes following a full meal if labor develops unexpectedly.

Many women want pain relief during labor and delivery, and there are a variety of medical reasons for analgesia and anesthesia at this time. During labor and vaginal delivery, caesarean delivery, removal of retained placenta, and postpartum tubal ligation, obstetric anesthesia refers to per partum anesthetic and analgesic activities. Anesthesia treatments for labor analgesia and surgical anesthesia should be accessible in all hospitals that provide maternal care.

The name "osteoporosis" simply means "porous bone." It's a bone-weakening disorder that puts you at a higher risk for unexpected bone fractures if you have it. Osteoporosis is well-defined as a loss of bone mass and strength. Bone is a living tissue that constantly disintegrates and replaces itself. When the formation of new bone does not keep up with the loss of old bone, osteoporosis develops. Osteoporosis develops gradually, and a person may not realize they have it until a fracture or break occurs as a result of a minor occurrence, such as a fall. Even a simple cough or sneeze can cause osteoporotic bones to break. As osteoporosis develops, the "holes" in the "sponge" get wider and more numerous, weakening the inside of the bone. Bones support the body's structure and safeguard vital organs. Bones hold calcium and other minerals as well. Bone is broken down and replaced when the body requires calcium. Osteoporosis is a disease that affects men and women of all races and ethnicities. Bone loss can be prevented or strengthened with the help of medications, a healthy diet, and weight-bearing activity.

Symptoms of osteoporosis

• Shortness of breath
• Bone fractures.
• Lower back discomfort
• receding gums
• weakened grip strength
• weak and brittle nails
• Back pain caused by a damaged or compressed vertebra
• gradual height reduction
• Stooped posture

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

PCOS (Polycystic ovarian syndrome) is a hormonal disorder that affects a large number of women who are of reproductive age. PCOS is characterized by irregular or extended menstrual periods, as well as elevated levels of the male hormone androgen. The ovaries may produce a significant number of small fluid collections, yet fail to release eggs on a consistent basis. Around the time of puberty's first menstrual period, PCOS symptoms usually begin.

Common PCOS symptoms are

• An oversupply of androgens can lead to hair loss.
• Excess skin (skin discoloration) or darkened skin
• Mood swings
• Pelvic pain
• Polycystic ovaries
• Missed, irregular, infrequent, or extended periods

 Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)

PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) is a medical disorder in which a woman's ovaries generate large amounts of immature or partially mature eggs, which develop into cysts in the ovaries over time. It enlarges the ovary and causes an overproduction of androgen and estrogen hormones, resulting in a variety of physiological problems. PCOD is a hormonal disorder that affects between 5- 10% of women in their reproductive years (12 to 45-years). The hormones of a woman become unbalanced in this situation. It is currently a big problem for a large number of young females in India. PCOD is a disease that affects a large number of young adults since it hits at a young age. PCOD affects people of all ages, alternating from 18 to 45 years

Symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Disorder:

• Uneven periods
• Heavy bleeding 
• Unusual body and facial hair growth
• Uncontrolled  over weight around the waist area especially
• Pigmentation or blackening of the skin around the neck region
• Infertility
• Male-pattern baldness
• Headaches

Pregnancy, often known as gestation, is the period during which a woman's womb creates one or more babies. Pregnancy is most commonly caused via sexual activity; however it can also be caused by aided reproductive technology methods. From the first day of your last menstrual period (LMP) through the delivery of the baby, a typical pregnancy lasts 40 weeks. The first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester are the three stages of pregnancy. Throughout its development, the fetus goes through a lot of changes. The pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each of which lasts about three months. The length of each trimester varies depending on the source.

• The first trimester begins with the start of gestational age, which is the first week of pregnancy, and finishes at week 13 or 14.
• The second trimester begins at the beginning of week 13 and finishes at the end of week 27.
• The third trimester begins at the beginning of week 28 and lasts until the birth of the baby.

Childbirth, often known as labor or delivery, is the process through which one or more infants leave the uterus via vaginal delivery or Caesarean procedure at the end of a pregnancy. The procedure of giving birth is known as labor. There are three stages of labor. Contractions mark the start of the first stage. It continues until your cervix is narrower and dilated (stretched) to a width of roughly 4 inches. The active stage, in which you begin to press downward, is the second stage. When your baby's scalp is visible, this is known as crowning. Your baby is born shortly after that. The placenta is delivered in the third stage. During pregnancy, the placenta was the organ that provided nourishment and oxygen to your baby.

Symptoms that you might be going into labor include:

• Regular contractions that start to move closer together
• Leaking fluid or bleeding from the vagina area
• Low, dull backache
• Abdominal cramps

Women's Health Issues Concerns about women's health policies and care. It is committed to enhancing the health and well-being of all women across the lifespan and in a variety of settings. Scientists are learning more about the differences in men's and women's health requirements.

Women Health Issues

• Stroke: There are two varieties of stroke: hemorrhagic, which is caused by bleeding in the brain, and ischemic, which is caused by a blockage of a blood vessel, resulting in decreased blood flow is more common in women.
• Diabetes: Diabetes related problems such as blindness, renal disease, and depression are more common in women.
• Maternal health issues: From iron deficiency anemia to high blood pressure, a woman's health might be affected by the changes she goes through throughout pregnancy.
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs) arise when bacteria enter the urethra and grow.
• Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a disorder that weakens your bones, making them more vulnerable to fractures.
• Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's disease is a type of Dementia in which abnormal particles in the brain called neurofibrillary tangles and plaques accumulate and damage healthy brain cells.

Legislators can take broad initiatives in their states to promote women's health.

• Establish a women's health office, commission, or task force to address the challenges.
• Hold a women's health week or month to raise awareness about women's health issues.
• Consider donating to organizations and studies that focus on women's health.
• Look into how existing state and federal resources might be used to improve women's health.
• Consider forming a task group or program to focus on the health of female veterans.

Sexual health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.

Reproductive health generally refers to the diseases, disorders and conditions that affect the functioning of the male and female reproductive systems during all stages of life. Planning and having a healthy pregnancy is essential to the health of women, infants, and families and is especially important in preventing teen pregnancy and childbearing. To maintain Reproductive and Sexual Health, people must know the accurate information and the safe, effective, and acceptable contraception method of their choice.